The History of Colonial Rule of Puerto Rico by United States :: Historical Colonization spanish Essays

The History of Colonial Rule of Puerto Rico by United States On July 25, 1898 the United States arrived in Puerto Rico. The U.S. defeated the Spanish and gained possession of the island. Despite the intimidation the Americans inflicted on the Puerto Ricans, the Puerto Ricans remained hopeful. The Americans were the representatives of the free world. They had written the Constitution and provided a Bill of Rights for their inhabitants. The Americans were the advocates of democracy, and the Puerto Ricans hoped the Americans would show the pathway to freedom. Unfortunately, the wishes of the Puerto Ricans were never fulfilled. The United States established a military government. The Americans arrived with racist, arrogant attitudes. They deemed the the Puerto Ricans ill equipped for self government, as as the descendants, or pupils of the inferior Spanish. The Americans believed only they could establish Puerto Rico as a respectable nation, because the United States possessed an arrogance rarely seen. As a result, they claimed Puerto Rico as their possession, to do with what they seemed appropriate. What resulted was an adverse effect on Puerto Rico brought upon by Americans, from an economical, political and social standpoint. The rule of the United States over Puerto Rico also further obscured the definition of Puerto Rican identity. The impact of early U.S. Colonial rule had an adverse economic effect on Puerto Rico. Before the arrival of the U.S. in 1898, coffee was the premier enterprise in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican coffee was highly regarded in Europe for the quality of its flavor and had a price in the markets of Cuba, France, Spain and Germany. After U.S. possession, Spain considered Puerto Rico a foreign country, and raised its import tax on Puerto Rican coffee, while Cuba quadrupled its tariff on the Puerto Rican product.

Coding for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Essay -- Coding Heart Failur

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is defined as a clinical syndrome in which the heart fails to propel blood forward normally, resulting in congestion in the pulmonary and/or systemic circulation and diminished blood flow to the tissues due to reduced cardiac output. (Berkow, M.D.) The result is that the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. CHF can be caused by a variety of conditions that affect the heart such as: diseases or substances that weaken the heart muscle such as heart attacks, infections, or toxins; diseases that cause stiffening of the heart muscle such as hemochromatosis, amyloidosis, coronary artery disease, and long term hypertension; and diseases that increase the oxygen demand by the body tissue beyond the capability of the heart to deliver oxygen-rich blood as in hyperthyroidism or anemia. (Kulick, M.D., and Shiel Jr., M.D.) CHF can affect many different organs including the heart, lungs, liver, intestines, and subcutaneous tissues. Sy mptoms of CHF are widely varied but may include fatigue, edema especially of the ankles and legs, shortness of breath with minimal exertion, and inability to lay flat due to reduced respiratory capacity. Increased urination may occur, especially at night, and due to accumulations of fluid in the liver and intestines nausea, abdominal pain and decreased appetite may result. (Kulick, M.D., and Shiel Jr., M.D.) Although CHF is an equal opportunity disease, there are some differences noted between men and women, one of which is that women tend to develop CHF later in life than men. Women more frequently develop diastolic heart failure rather than systolic. Women often suffer more noticeable shortness of breath and swelling of the ankles than do men, and in g... ...eases- Clinical Modification. 9th Rev., 6th Ed. 1. USA: Ingenix, 2010. Print. Ingenix, Inc., Staff. "Challenges for Coding Heart Failure." Advance for Health Information Professionals. 22 May 2007: n. page. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. Kulick, M.D., F.A.C.C., F.S.C.A.I., D.L., and W.C. Shiel Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.C.R., eds. MedicineNet.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov 2011. . Starling, M.D., Randall C. The Cleveland Clinic Guide to Heart Failure. New York, NY: Kaplan, 2009. Print. unknown, . "Need to query for acute CHF lessened, thanks to new Coding Clinic." HC Pro. N.p., 30 Oct 2008. Web. 20 Nov 2011. .

Titration Curve of Amino Acids

tion Experiment 1 Titration curves of amino acids General structure of amino acids (amphoteric type): Zwitter ion C * : ? – carbon : ? – amino acid NH2 : ? – amino group, basic (proton acceptor) COOH : ? – carboxylic group, acidic (proton donor) R : side chain of amino acid Classification of amino acids depending on the nature of side chain: * Neutral * Basic amino acid : with extra amino group (NH2) in its side chain ( histidine, arginine, lysine ) * Acidic amino acid : with extra carboxylic acid group (COOH) in its side chain (aspartic acid & glutamic acid) * With phenol group in its side chain (Tyrosine) * With sulfide group in its side chain (Cysteine) Isoelectric point (pI): It is the pH at which the net charge on the molecule in solution is zero (Zwitter ion). Zwitter ion will not migrate in electric field, it is electrically neutral. pI is the average of the closest values of pKa’s. The pI for the acidic amino acids is the average of pKa1 an d pKa2, while the pI for basic amino acids is the average of pKa2 and pKa3 pKa range for ? COOH ( 1. 71 – 2. 63 ) pKa range for ? – NH3+ ( 8. 8 – 10. 78 ) Acidity of neutral amino acid ? – COOH > ? – NH3+ For weak acids : Henderson – Hasslbalch equation : pH = pKa + log [ A- ] [HA] When [ A- ] = [HA] pH = pKa Acid- base titration: An experiment in which a measured amount of base ( or acid) are added to a measured amount of acid ( or base) to calculate something unknown such as molarity, pH†¦.. etc.Equivalence point: The point at which an acid is exactly neutralized with a base. Inflection point: The point in an acid- base titration at which 0. 5 mole of base has been added to one mole of acid to achieve [ A- ] = [HA] and then ; pKa = pH Example : Inflection points 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 * Alanine is an example on neutral amino acid which has 2 acidic protons (diprotic acids ) ? – COOH and ? – NH3+ , these neutral amino acids have t wo titration curves.Net charge +1 0 -1 Zwitter ion Titration curve of Alanine: * aspartic acid is an example on acidic amino acid which has 3 acidic protons (triprotic acids ) ? – COOH, ? – NH3+ and R- COOH. Acidic amino acids have three titration curves. Acidity of acidic amino acid ? – COOH > R- COOH > ? – NH3+ Net charge +1 0 -1 -2 Zwitter ionTitration curve of aspartic amino acid * Lysine is an example on basic amino acid which has 3 basic protons (triprotic acids ) ? – COOH, ? – NH3+ and R- NH3+. Basic amino acids have also three titration curves. Acidity of basic amino acid ? – COOH > ? – NH3+ > R- NH3+ Net charge +2 +1 0 -1 Zwitter ion Tiration curve of Lysine Method : at low pH ~ 1 – 1. 3 amino acid is fully protonated.

Gibb s and Kolb s Reflective model Essay

In this report I am going to evaluate the difference between Gibbs (1988) and Kolb (1984), drawing primarily on Gibbs’s reflective model. The Kolb cycle 1984 was published before Gibbs 1988, David A. Kolb published his conception after an experimental test on a book â€Å"Experience as the Source of learning and development† while Gibbs published his theory by developing on the existing Kolb cycle (ehow[07/10/2014]). Kolb’s theory is based on 4 cycles. It starts with doing something as an individual, a group of people or even a team in Kolb’s cycle you cannot learn while watching or reading you must do something to learn, then on the second stage you need to stop for a while review what happen and experience it and start asking question and communicate with other members of the group, abstract Conceptualization is the stage of understanding what happened and why it happened in this stage we need to know what we have done and what we know, the final stage we give time to plan if next time the experience happens what are we going to do and what action will be taken . To summarize Kolb is based on learning by doing things (simplypsychology [published 2010, updated 2013]) Figure 1: Kolb’s reflective cycle The Gibbs cycle is based on six stages. It starts with describing what happened, then asking what do you feel and thinking about this experience, then the third stage is evaluation (was the experience good or bad?), next it analyses what can you make from this situation or event then last but not least drawing a conclusion-what could you done differently in this situation? Finally, you must draw up some action plans in case it happens again what will you do. (qmu [7/10/2014]). Figure 2: Gibb’s cycle My preferred reflexive model is Gibbs, whose cycle provides further detail to  reflections and also suggests following steps. Now lets demonstrate this model in relation to my first day at BCU. Description: It was my first day in the university BCU â€Å" Birmingham City University† on the induction day I get there on time to attend my first lecture. Although it was busy with lots of students and staff members it was a bit messy and it was a big university. Due to that, I was lost and I couldn’t find my lecture theatre, but luckily I asked the staff to show me where to go. I got there on time but it was badly organized and I was obliged to take the dark small stairs with lots of other student, some of them nearly fell down, as they couldn’t see the steps. When we got there it was a giant screen with lots of people waiting for the lecture to start. However, it wasn’t that interesting for the students who are originally from Birmingham. Then we were asked to leave on the back door, we where queuing for about 5 minutes to get out and go to the enrollment. In the enrollment it was also a long queue and we were asked to show our boarding passes. I saw on the boarding pass that I would need to provide my passport and my original diplomas so I asked the same lady that gave me my boarding pass as I didn’t have any of these documents since they had been taken by the university to extend my visa. She said it would be fine and just have a seat. I sat on the chairs and started moving from chair to chair for nearly two hours to get to the enrolment desk where I heard the bad news that I wouldn’t be able to enroll, as I need to bring other documents. After waiting for 2 hours all I received was ‘sorry you will need to come back tomorrow’. Feelings: I felt really disappointed and stressed on that day. These issues were beyond my control and it didn’t show off my future university in a good light. Evaluation: It was a good experience I meet new people exchanged ideas with them made new  friends. However the bad point was I waited too long to enroll and in the end I didn’t achieve my aim. Analyses: Upon further analysis, it is fair to suggest that the cause of the problem lies in a misunderstanding between BCU in Millennium point and Perry Barr. The lack of communication between both campuses meant staff did not know I didn’t have either my passport or any original documents. Although members of staff were helpful, this problem could have been resolved elsewhere. Conclusions and action plans: In this situation I suggest that they will be more organized and more welcoming, Next time I will try to be there earlier to avoid waiting in the long queue. Bibliography http://www.kcl.ac.uk/campuslife/services/disability/service/Using-Gibbs-Reflective-Cycle-in-Coursework.pdf http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/reflective-cycle.htm http://www.businessballs.com/kolblearningstyles.htm http://www.ldu.leeds.ac.uk/ldu/sddu_multimedia/kolb/static_version.php http://academic.regis.edu/ed205/Kolb.pdf http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/reflective-cycle.htm References: http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_7874336_differences-between-gibbs-kolb-cycles.html Accessed on (07/10/2014) http://www.simplypsychology.org/learning-kolb.html Accessed on (07/10/2014) http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/gradschool/training/eresources/teaching/theories/kolb Accessed on (07/10/2014) http://www.ulh.nhs.uk/for_staff/education_and_training/clinical_education/leadership_in_practice/documents/gibbs_reflective_cycle.pdf Accessed on (07/10/2014) http://www.qmu.ac.uk/els/docs/Reflection.PDF Accessed on (07/10/2014) Figure 1: http://tlcommunityunitec.ning.com/profiles/blogs/reflective-practice-as-part-of Accessed on (19/10/2014) Figure 2: http://safaashaaban.wordpress.com/core-module/final-reflection-2/ Accessed on (19/10/2014)

Food coloring Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food coloring - Research Paper Example Food colours can either be obtained naturally or manufactured synthetically. Most colours are obtained from plant pigments. These pigments could either come from vegetable or fruits. Obtaining natural colours is sometimes costly. Chemists make identical colours improve purity. Molecules of these manufactured colours are the same molecules from the natural source. Since most natural colours cannot dissolve in water, they are processed as salts to make them soluble in water. Some of the synthetic colour examples are; blackcurrant jams made from azo dyes quinoline and xanthenes. Aramnath an example of synthetic food colour Carmine used in yoghurts is obtained from insects that produce carmanic acid. Dried insects are boiled in water to extract this acid. The structure of a carminic acid that is extracted from the cochineal insect is shown below. Other chemical formulas of commonly use food colours include; Allura red (C18H14N2Na208S2), Tartrazine (C16H9N4Na309S2) and Brilliant blue (C37H34N2Na209S3). any people relate a food colour to ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).Tartrazine is associated with hypersensitive reactions to children. Chemists turned attention to synthetic colours since natural colour were found to be having traces of mercury toxics. According to America’s research, synthetic food colours have adversely been found to be affecting small children behaviour. Food colours that are deemed synthetic are sometimes mixtures of chemicals from laboratories and combinations of other petro chemicals.

Group and team behavior - Organizational behavior Assignment

Group and team behavior - Organizational behavior - Assignment Example Teams also perform management or supervisory role along with doing work. The revolutionary concept was adopted purely due to market needs and as a departure from traditional corporate functioning. The adoption has increased 3M productivity up to 300 % at some places. Advantages of using this system include improved customer relationship and loyalty, increased productivity and efficiency, greater freedom of action and adaptability, low organizational costs, less job categorization, worker welfare, improved services and survival of fittest. Limitations of using this system are initial risks, requisite training, time required in adopting culture, learning of basic management skills by all and bigger responsibility at lower level. Major challenges in this system are focus and involvement of employees, and customer satisfaction. Motivated employees are the best assets any firm can have. Rewarding for good performance is the best source of motivation. Rewards may be given in the form empow erment, recognition amongst peers, financial benefits, promotions, acknowledgement for creativity and innovation, training, quality of living and facilities. At 3M, work teams are rewarded with variable pay, which includes sales commissions and annual incentives.

Capital Asset Pricing Modfel slp Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Asset Pricing Modfel slp - Assignment Example However, in the CAPM (capital asset pricing model), beta risk denotes the only type of risk for which an investor should receive an expected return that is greater than the risk-free rate of interest (Ehrhardt & Brigham, (2009). The estimated beta coefficient of Apple Inc. is 1.25. A beta of higher than one generally implies that the price of stock of such a company is both more volatile and tends to move up and down with the market. For instance, like in the case of Apple Inc. A stock’s beta of 1.25, theoretically implies that the security is 25 percent more volatile than the market. Such stock is riskier than the market. Even though it poses more risk, the stock should be included in the overall portfolio because it offers the possibility of a greater rate of return. This is so because a beta value of 1.25 indicates that the security is anticipated to do 25% better than the S&P 500 within an up market. This stock should be included in the portfolio to help diversify it due to its high risk-reward ratios (Bradfield, 2007). Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) refers to an economic model that is used to value securities, stocks, assets or derivatives by relating risk and expected return. It is based on the principle that investors demand a risk premium, additional expected return, in case they are required to accept additional risk. CAPM is, therefore, used in pricing stocks or securities (Ehrhardt & Brigham, (2009). Cost of equity or expected rate of return refers to the rate of return that an investor requires before being interested in any given investment at a particular price. It is the rate of return that compensates them for a higher expected risk (Reilly & Brown, 2012). The portfolio is sufficiently diversified; because it has a beat of less than one meaning the assets move in the same direction however the movement is less than that of the benchmark hence less susceptible to everyday fluctuation (Bradfield,